Functional groups are atoms or small groups of atoms (two to four) that exhibit a characteristic reactivity when treated with certain reagents. A particular functional group will almost always display its characteristic chemical behavior when it is present in a compound. Because of their importance in understanding organic chemistry, functional groups have characteristic names that often carry over in the naming of individual compounds incorporating specific groups. In the following table the atoms of each functional group are colored red and the characteristic IUPAC nomenclature suffix that denotes some (but not all) functional groups is also colored.
Functional Group Tables
Exclusively Carbon Functional GroupsGroup FormulaClass NameSpecific ExampleIUPAC NameCommon Name [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة] Alkene H2C=CH2 Ethene Ethylene Alkyne HC≡CH Ethyne Acetylene Arene C6H6 Benzene Benzene
Functional Groups with Single Bonds to HeteroatomsGroup Formula Class Name Specific Example IUPAC Name Common Name [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة] Halide H3C-I Iodomethane Methyl iodide Alcohol CH3CH2OH Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 Diethyl ether Ether Amine H3C-NH2 Aminomethane Methylamine Nitro Compound H3C-NO2 Nitromethane Thiol H3C-SH Methanethiol Methyl mercaptan Sulfide H3C-S-CH3 Dimethyl sulfide
Functional Groups with Multiple Bonds to HeteroatomsGroup Formula Class Name Specific Example IUPAC Name Common Name [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة] Nitrile H3C-CN Ethanenitrile Acetonitrile Aldehyde H3CCHO Ethanal Acetaldehyde Ketone H3CCOCH3 Propanone Acetone Carboxylic Acid H3CCO2H Ethanoic Acid Acetic acid Ester H3CCO2CH2CH3 Ethyl ethanoate Ethyl acetate Acid Halide H3CCOCl Ethanoyl chloride Acetyl chloride Amide H3CCON(CH3)2 N,N-Dimethylethanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Acid Anhydride (H3CCO)2O Ethanoic anhydride Acetic anhydride
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